等量曲線
##çéæ²ç·ãšã¯äœã§ããïŒ
ãã¯ãçµæžåŠã®ç 究ã§äœ¿çšãããã°ã©ãäžã®å¹åã®ç·ã§ãããæå®ãããã¬ãã«ã®åºåãçæãããã¹ãŠã®èŠå ãŸãã¯å ¥åãã°ã©ãåããŸãããã®ã°ã©ãã¯ãæå ¥éïŒæãäžè¬çã«ã¯è³æ¬ãšåŽååïŒãååŸå¯èœãªçç£éãŸãã¯çç£ã¬ãã«ã«äžãã圱é¿ã®ææšãšããŠäœ¿çšãããŸãã
çéæ²ç·ã¯ãäŒæ¥ãäŒæ¥ãæå ¥éã調æŽããŠçç£éãæ倧åããå©çãæ倧åããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
-çéæ²ç·ã¯ã°ã©ãäžã«ãããããããå¹ç·ã§ãããåãéã®åºåããããã2ã€ã®å ¥åã®ããŸããŸãªçµã¿åããã®ãã¹ãŠã瀺ããŠããŸãã
-æãäžè¬çã«ã¯ãçéæ²ç·ã¯ãè³æ¬ãšåŽåã®çµã¿åãããããã³2ã€ã®éã®æè¡çãªãã¬ãŒããªãã瀺ããŸãã
-çéæ²ç·ã¯ãäŒæ¥ãäŒæ¥ã補é æ¥åã調æŽããŠãæå°ã®ã³ã¹ãã§æ倧ã®ååãçç£ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
-çéæ²ç·ã¯ãæè¡ç眮æã®éçé床ã®åçã瀺ããŠããŸããããã¯ãçµæã®åºåã®ã¬ãã«ãå€æŽããã«ãããå ¥åãå¥ã®å ¥åã«çœ®æã§ããé床ã瀺ããŠããŸãã
-çéæ²ç·ã¯ãã¹ãŠãæ¥ç·ã亀差ãã§ããªããäžåãã«åŸæããåŸåããããããé«ãåºåãè¡šãæ²ç·ãããé«ãå³åŽã«é 眮ããããªã©ã7ã€ã®åºæ¬çãªç¹æ§ãå ±æããŠããŸãã
##çéæ²ç·ãç解ãã
ã©ãã³èªã§åé¡ããããisoquantããšããçšèªã¯ãçããéããæå³ãããisoãã¯çããããšãæå³ãããquantãã¯éãæå³ããŸããåºæ¬çã«ãæ²ç·ã¯äžè²«ããéã®åºåãè¡šããŸãããããã¯ãçéæ²ç·ã¯ãçããç©æ²ç·ãŸãã¯çç£ç¡å·®å¥æ²ç·ãšããŠç¥ãããŠããŸããçç©æ²ç·ãšãåŒã°ããŸãã
æãäžè¬çã«ã¯ãçéæ²ç·ã¯ãè³æ¬ãšåŽåã®çµã¿åãããããã³2ã€ã®éã®æè¡çãã¬ãŒããªããã€ãŸããåãçç£éãçæããããã«ç¹å®ã®çç£ãã€ã³ãã§åŽååäœã眮ãæããããã«å¿ èŠãªè³æ¬ã®éã瀺ããŸããå€ãã®å ŽåãåŽååã¯çéã°ã©ãã®X軞ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠé 眮ãããè³æ¬ã¯Y軞ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠé 眮ãããŸãã
åç©«éæžã®æ³åïŒçç£èœåã®æé©ãªã¬ãã«ã«éããåŸãä»ã®èŠå ãè¿œå ãããšå®éã«ã¯çç£éã®å¢å ãå°ãããªããšäºæž¬ããçµæžçè«ïŒã«ãããçéæ²ç·ã¯éåžžå¹åã«ãªããŸããã°ã©ãã®çéæ²ç·ã®æ£ç¢ºãªåŸãã¯ãåãåºåã¬ãã«ãç¶æããªãããåŽåãŸãã¯è³æ¬ã®ããããã®ç¹å®ã®å ¥åãä»ã®å ¥åã«çœ®ãæããããšãã§ããå²åã瀺ããŠããŸãã
ããšãã°ãäžã®ã°ã©ãã§ã¯ããã¡ã¯ã¿ãŒKã¯è³æ¬ãè¡šãããã¡ã¯ã¿ãŒLã¯åŽååãè¡šããŸãããã®æ²ç·ã¯ãäŒæ¥ããã€ã³ãïŒaïŒãããã€ã³ãïŒbïŒã«ç§»åããããã«1åäœã®åŽååã䜿çšããå ŽåãäŒæ¥ã¯4åäœã®è³æ¬ïŒKïŒãæŸæ£ããŠãããã€ã³ãïŒ bïŒãäŒç€Ÿãå¥ã®åŽååäœãæ¡çšãããã€ã³ãïŒbïŒããïŒcïŒã«ç§»åããå ŽåãäŒç€Ÿã¯è³æ¬ïŒKïŒã®äœ¿çšã3åäœåæžã§ããŸãããåãçéæ²ç·ãç¶æã§ããŸãã
<ïŒ-5498AF8C905D5DF4002B115C27ED2DB0-->
##çéæ²ç·ãšç¡é¢å¿æ²ç·
ç¡é¢å¿æ²ç·ã®è£åŽã§ããçéæ²ç·ã®ãããã³ã°ã¯ãçç£è ã®ã³ã¹ãæå°åã®åé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠããŸããããã¯ãååã補é ããããã®æè¯ã®æ¹æ³ã§ããäžæ¹ãç¡å·®å¥æ²ç·ã¯ãæ¶è²»è ãååã䜿çšããæé©ãªæ¹æ³ã枬å®ããŸããæ¶è²»è ã®è¡åãåæããæ¶è²»è ã®éèŠãèšç»ããããšããŸãã
ã°ã©ãã«ãããããããšãç¡å·®å¥æ²ç·ã¯ãæ¶è²»è ã«åçã®æºè¶³åºŠãšåçã®å¹çšããŸãã¯äœ¿çšãäžãã2ã€ã®ååïŒ1ã€ã¯Y軞ããã1ã€ã¯X軞ïŒã®çµã¿åããã瀺ããŸããããã«ãããæ¶è²»è ã¯ãç¡é¢å¿ãã«ãªããŸããã€ãŸããæ¶è²»è ã«éå±ãããšããæå³ã§ã¯ãªããæ¶è²»è ã®éã«å¥œã¿ããªããšããæå³ã§ãã
ç¡å·®å¥æ²ç·ã¯ãå人ãååã®çµã¿åããã«ç¡é¢å¿ã§ãªããªãæç¹ãç¹å®ããããšããŸããã¡ã¢ãªãŒããªã³ãŽãšãªã¬ã³ãžã®äž¡æ¹ãæããŠãããšããŸããããç¡å·®å¥æ²ç·ã¯ãã¡ã¢ãªãŒãæ¯é±6åãæã«ã¯5åã®ãªã³ãŽãš7åã®ãªã¬ã³ãžãæã«ã¯8åã®ãªã³ãŽãš4åã®ãªã¬ã³ãžãè³Œå ¥ããããšã瀺ããŠããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã ãããããæç©ã®éãšåœŒå¥³ã®èå³ãè³Œå ¥ãã¿ãŒã³ãšã®éã®å€§ããªæ Œå·®ã¯å€åããŸããã¢ããªã¹ãã¯ãã®ããŒã¿ãèŠãŠããã®çç±ãç解ããããšããŸããããã¯2ã€ã®æç©ã®çžå¯Ÿçãªã³ã¹ãã§ããïŒäžæ¹ãããäžæ¹ãããç°¡åã«å°ç¡ãã«ãªããšããäºå®ïŒ
çéæ²ç·ãšç¡å·®å¥æ²ç·ã¯åæ§ã®åŸæ圢ç¶ãæã£ãŠããŸãããç¡å·®å¥æ²ç·ã¯åžç¶ãšããŠèªã¿åãããåç¹ããå€åŽã«èšããã§ããŸãã
çµæžçè«ã®äžå¿ã§ãããããçéæ²ç·ã®äœæè ã¯äžæã§ããããã¯ããŸããŸãªçµæžåŠè ã«èµ·å ããŠããŸãã ãçéããšããçšèªã¯ã1928幎ãã29幎ã«ãªã¹ã倧åŠã§è¡ãããçç£çè«ã«é¢ããè¬çŸ©ã®ããŒãã«ç»å Žããã©ã°ãã«ããªãã·ã¥ã«ãã£ãŠé ãããããã§ãããã®èµ·æºãäœã§ããã1930幎代åŸåãŸã§ã«ãçéã°ã©ãã¯ç£æ¥å®¶ãç£æ¥çµæžåŠè ã«ãã£ãŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããŸããã
##çéæ²ç·ã®ããããã£
**ããããã£1ïŒ**çéæ²ç·ã¯äžåãã«åŸæããŠããããè² ã«åŸæããŠããŸããããã¯ãå ¥åã®å¢å ããåäœãå¥ã®å ¥åä¿æ°ã®ããå°ãªãåäœã§çžæ®ºãããå Žåã«ã®ã¿ãåãã¬ãã«ã®çç£ãçºçããããšãæå³ããŸãããã®ç¹æ§ã¯ãæè¡ç代æ¿ã®éççïŒMRTSïŒã®ååã«æ²¿ã£ãŠããŸããäžäŸãšããŠãè³æ¬æå ¥éãå¢å ããå ŽåãäŒæ¥ã¯åãã¬ãã«ã®çç£éãéæã§ããŸãããåŽåæå ¥éã¯æžå°ããŸãã
ããããã£2ïŒ MRTSå¹æã®ãããçéæ²ç·ã¯ãã®åç¹ã«å¯ŸããŠåžã§ããããã¯ãçç£èŠçŽ ãçžäºã«çœ®ãæããããå¯èœæ§ãããããšã瀺ããŠããŸãããã ãã1ã€ã®ä¿æ°ã®å¢å ã¯ãå¥ã®å ¥åä¿æ°ã®æžå°ãšçµã¿åãããŠäœ¿çšããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
**ããããã£3ïŒ**çéæ²ç·ã¯ãäºãã«æ¥ããã亀差ãããããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã亀差ããæ²ç·ã¯æ£ãããªããç¡å¹ãªçµæãçæããŸããããã¯ãåæ²ç·ã®å ±éã®å åã®çµã¿åããã«ãããåãã¬ãã«ã®åºåãæããã«ãªãããã§ããããã¯äžå¯èœã§ãã
**ããããã£4ïŒ**ãã£ãŒãã®äžéšã«ããçéæ²ç·ã¯ãããé«ãåºåããããããŸããããã¯ãæ²ç·ãé«ããªããšãçç£èŠçŽ ãããå€ã䜿çšãããããã§ããããå€ãã®è³æ¬ãŸãã¯ããå€ãã®åŽåæå ¥èŠå ã¯ãããé«ãã¬ãã«ã®çç£ããããããŸãã
**ããããã£5ïŒ**çéæ²ç·ã¯ã°ã©ãã®X軞ãŸãã¯Y軞ã«æ¥è§ŠããŠã¯ãªããŸããããã®å Žåãæè¡ç代æ¿ã®å²åã¯ç¡å¹ã«ãªããŸããããã¯ãä»ã®å ¥åèŠçŽ ãé¢äžããããšãªãã1ã€ã®èŠçŽ ãç¹å®ã®ã¬ãã«ã®åºåãçæãã責任ãããããšã瀺ããŠããããã§ãã
**ããããã£6ïŒ**çéæ²ç·ã¯äºãã«å¹³è¡ã§ããå¿ èŠã¯ãããŸãããèŠå éã®æè¡ç代æ¿ã®å²åã«ã¯ã°ãã€ããããå ŽåããããŸãã
**ããããã£7ïŒ**çéæ²ç·ã¯æ¥å圢ã§ãããããäŒæ¥ã¯æãå¹ççãªçç£èŠçŽ ã決å®ã§ããŸãã
##çéFAQ
###çµæžåŠã«ãããçéæ²ç·ãšã¯äœã§ããïŒ
çµæžåŠã«ãããçéæ²ç·ã¯ãã°ã©ãã«ãããããããšãç¹å®ã®åºåãçæãã2ã€ã®èŠå ã®ãã¹ãŠã®çµã¿åããã瀺ãæ²ç·ã§ããè³æ¬ãšåŽååã2ã€ã®èŠçŽ ãšããŠè£œé æ¥ã§ãã䜿çšãããçéæ²ç·ã¯ãæå°ã®ã³ã¹ãã§æ倧ã®åºåãçæããå ¥åã®æé©ãªçµã¿åããã瀺ãããšãã§ããŸãã
###çéæ²ç·ãšãã®ç¹æ§ãšã¯äœã§ããïŒ
çéæ²ç·ã¯ãåºåã枬å®ããã°ã©ãäžã®å¹åã®æ²ç·ã§ããããã®åºåãäžå®ã«ä¿ã€ããã«å¿ èŠãª2ã€ã®èŠçŽ éã®ãã¬ãŒããªãã§ããçéæ²ç·ã®ããããã£ã®äžã§ïŒ
-çéæ²ç·ã¯å·Šããå³ã«äžåãã«åŸæããŸã
-çéæ²ç·ãã°ã©ãäžã§é«ããå³åŽã«ããã»ã©ããããè¡šãåºåã®ã¬ãã«ãé«ããªããŸã
-2ã€ã®çéæ²ç·ã¯äºãã«äº€å·®ã§ããŸãã
-çéæ²ç·ã¯ãã®åç¹ã«å¯ŸããŠåžã§ã
-çéæ²ç·ã¯æ¥å圢ã§ã
###çéæ²ç·ãšçéæ²ç·ãšã¯äœã§ããïŒ
çã³ã¹ããšçéã®äž¡æ¹ãã°ã©ãã«ãããããããæ²ç·ã§ããçç£è ãšè£œé æ¥è ã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšããããããã¯æå°ã®ã³ã¹ãã§æ倧ã®åºåããããã2ã€ã®èŠå ã®æè¯ã®çžäºäœçšã瀺ããŸããçéæ²ç·ã¯ãç¹å®ã®åºåãçæããèŠå ã®ãã¹ãŠã®çµã¿åããã瀺ããŸããçã³ã¹ãã¯ãåãéé¡ã®èŠå ã®ãã¹ãŠã®çµã¿åããã瀺ããŸãã
###çéæ²ç·ãã©ã®ããã«èšç®ããŸããïŒ
çéã¯ãåãåºåãçæãã2ã€ã®èŠçŽ ïŒéåžžã¯è³æ¬ãšåŽåïŒã®çµã¿åããã瀺ãã°ã©ãã§ããçéæ²ç·ãèšç®ããã«ã¯ãæè¡ç代æ¿ã®éççïŒMRTSïŒã®åŒã䜿çšããŸãã
ããšãã°ãè³æ¬ïŒY軞ã«Kã§è¡šãããX軞ã«åŽååïŒLã§è¡šãããïŒïŒãçéæ²ç·ã®åŸãããŸãã¯ä»»æã®1ç¹ã§ã®MRTSã¯ã次ã®ããã«èšç®ãããŸãã dL/dKã
Isoquantã®åŸé ã¯äœã§ããïŒ
çéæ²ç·ã®åŸãã¯ãæè¡ç代æ¿ã®éççïŒMRTSïŒã瀺ããŸããã€ãŸããçµæã®åºåã®ã¬ãã«ãå€æŽããã«ãåŽåãªã©ã®ããå ¥åãè³æ¬ãªã©ã®å¥ã®å ¥åã«çœ®ãæããããšãã§ããçã§ããåŸé ã¯ãŸããæ²ç·ã«æ²¿ã£ãä»»æã®ãã€ã³ãã§ããã®çç£ãã€ã³ãã§åŽååäœã眮ãæããããã«å¿ èŠãªè³æ¬ã®éã瀺ããŸãã
##çµè«
çéæ²ç·ã¯ãåãéã®åºåããããã2ã€ã®å ¥åã®ããŸããŸãªçµã¿åããã®ãã¹ãŠã瀺ãã°ã©ãäžã®åŸæããç·ã§ããããã¯ãäŒæ¥ãçç£ãå®å®ãããããã«å¿ èŠãªè³æ¬ãšåŽåã®çžå¯Ÿçãªéã調æŽããããã«äœ¿çšãããã¯ãçµæžåŠã®ææšã§ãããããã£ãŠãå©çãæ倧åããã³ã¹ããæå°åããæ¹æ³ãèãåºããŸãã