Relative Valuation Model

What Is a Relative Valuation Model?

A relative valuation model is a business valuation method that compares a company's value to that of its competitors or industry peers to assess the company's financial worth. Relative valuation models are an alternative to absolute value models, which try to determine a company's intrinsic worth based on its estimated future free cash flows discounted to their present value, with practically no reference to another company or industry average. Like absolute value models, investors might use relative valuation models when determining whether a company's stock is a decent buy.

Types of Relative Valuation Models

There are various types of relative valuation ratios, such as price to free cash flow, enterprise value (EV), operating margin, price to cash flow for real estate and price-to-sales (P/S) for retail.

One of the most popular relative valuation multiples is the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio. It is calculated by separating stock price by earnings per share (EPS), and is expressed as a company's share price as a multiple of its earnings. A company with a high P/E ratio is trading at a higher price per dollar of earnings than its peers and is considered overvalued. Likewise, a company with a low P/E ratio is trading at a lower price per dollar of EPS and is considered undervalued. This framework can be carried out with any multiple of price to gauge relative market value. Therefore, if the average P/E for an industry is 10x and a particular company in that industry is trading at 5x earnings, it is relatively undervalued to its peers.

Relative Valuation Model vs. Absolute Valuation Model

Relative valuation uses multiples, averages, ratios, and benchmarks to determine a company's value. A benchmark might be selected by finding an industry-wide average, and that average is then used to determine relative value. An absolute measure, then again, makes no external reference to a benchmark or average. A company's market capitalization, which is the aggregate market value of its outstanding shares, is all expressed as a plain dollar amount and tells you about its relative value. Of course, with enough absolute valuation measures close by across several firms, relative inferences can be drawn.

Special Considerations

Estimating Relative Value of Stock

As well as providing a gauge for relative value, the P/E ratio allows analysts to maneuver into the price that a stock should be trading at based on its peers. For example, if the average P/E for the specialty retail industry is 20x, it means the average price of stock from a company in the industry trades at 20 times its EPS.

Assume Company A trades for $50 in the market and has an EPS of $2. The P/E ratio is calculated by separating $50 by $2, which is 25x. This is higher than the industry average of 20x, and that means Company An is overvalued. In the event that Company A were trading at 20 times its EPS, the industry average, it would be trading at a price of $40, which is the relative value. In other words, based on the industry average, Company An is trading at a price that is $10 higher than it should be, representing an opportunity to sell.

Because of the importance of developing an accurate benchmark or industry average, it is important to just compare companies in the same industry and market capitalization when computing relative values.

Highlights

• A relative valuation model can be used to assess the value of a company's stock price compared to other companies or an industry average.
• A relative valuation model compares a company's value to that of its competitors to determine the association's financial worth.
• A relative valuation model differs from an absolute valuation model which makes no reference to some other company or industry average.
• One of the most popular relative valuation multiples is the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio.