平等信用機会法(ECOA)
Equal Credit Opportunity ActïŒECOAïŒã¯ã1974幎ã«å¯æ±ºãããæ³åŸã§ããã人皮ãèã®è²ãå®æãåºèº«åœãæ§å¥ãçµå©æŽã幎霢ããŸãã¯å ¬çæ¯æŽããã°ã©ã ãžã®åå ã«é¢é£ããçç±ã«ãããåµæš©è ãç³è«è ãå·®å¥ããããšãçŠããŠããŸããåµæš©è ã決å®ã«äœ¿çšã§ããåºæºã¯ãåå ¥ãåµåãçµåžžçµè²»ãä¿¡çšå±¥æŽãªã©ã財åã«åºã¥ããŠããŸãã
ECOAã¯ãã¯ã¬ãžãããçŠæ¢ããããšãããã³äžåç£ãããŒã«ãŒã®ããã«ã¯ã¬ãžããã®æ¡ä»¶ãèšå®ããããšã«ãããä¿è·ãããã°ã«ãŒãã«å¯Ÿããå·®å¥æ £è¡ã䜿çšããããšãçŠæ¢ããã»ããã¯ã¬ãžãããæ±ããããã»ã¹äžã«æ¶è²»è ã«è¿œå ã®æš©å©ãä»äžããŸãã
##å¹³çä¿¡çšæ©äŒæ³ã®ä»çµã¿
ECOAã®äžã§ã¯ãã¯ã¬ãžããæäŸè ã¯ãä¿è·ãããã°ã«ãŒãã«å±ããŠãããããæ¶è²»è ãã¯ã¬ãžãããç³è«ããããšãæããšã©ãŸãããããšã¯ã§ããŸããããŸããã¯ã¬ãžãããä»äžãããã©ããã決å®ããéã®èŠçŽ ãšããŠä¿è·ãããã«ããŽãªã䜿çšããããšãèš±å¯ãããŠããããä¿è·ãããã°ã«ãŒãå ã®æ¶è²»è ã«ç°ãªãæ¡ä»¶ãæäŸããããšãã§ããŸããã
ãã®æ³åŸã¯ã次ã®ãããªããŸããŸãªåµæš©è ã«é©çšãããŸãã
-äŒçµ±çãªå°å ã®éè¡ã
- ä¿¡çšçµåïŒä¿¡çšé庫ã
-ãªã³ã©ã€ã³è²žãæã
-å°å£²åºããã³ãããŒãã
-ãã®ä»ã®éèäŒç€Ÿã
-決å®ãŸãã¯ã¯ã¬ãžããã®å»¶é·ã«åå ããä»ã®ãšã³ãã£ãã£ã
ç¶æ³ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããããã®åµæš©è ã¯ããªãã®äººçš®ãæ§å¥ãå®æãªã©ã®æ å ±ãæ±ããããšãèš±å¯ãããå ŽåããããŸãããã®æ å ±ã¯ä»»æã§ãããé£éŠæ¿åºæ©é¢ã«ãã£ãŠã¬ãã¥ãŒãããåµæš©è ãå·®å¥çã§ãªãæ £è¡ã«ã€ããŠè²¬ä»»ãè² ãããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããã®æ å ±ã¯ãäžä¿¡æ ãæ¿èªããããæ¿èªãããäžä¿¡ã®æ¡ä»¶ãèšå®ãããã決å®ããããã«äœ¿çšããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
ããã«ãæ¶è²»è ãã¯ã¬ãžãããæåŠãããå ŽåãECOAã®äžã§æåŠãããçç±ãç¥ãæ³çæš©å©ããããŸãããšFreedomFinancialNetworkã®å¯ç€Ÿé·ã§ããFreddieHuynhã¯èšããŸãã
ãECOAã¯ãŸããæ¶è²»è ãä»ã®åå ¥ãšåãããã«å ¬çæ¯æŽãæ€èšããæš©å©ãæã£ãŠããããšãä¿èšŒããŸãããšHuynhã¯èšããŸãã
###ç¹å¥ãªèæ ®äºé
æ³åŸã¯ãç³è«ã«é¢ããåµæš©è ã®æ±ºå®ã«ã©ã®ãããªèŠçŽ ã䜿çšã§ããªããã«ã€ããŠæ確ã§ãããä¿è·ãããã«ããŽãªã«é¢é£ããå¯èœæ§ã®ããç¹å®ã®æ å ±ãæ¶è²»è ã«æ±ããããšã¯èš±å¯ãããŠããŸãã
-**幎霢ïŒ**幎霢ã¯ãåµæš©è ãåºå¥ã§ããªãã«ããŽãªãšããŠæ瀺çã«èå¥ãããŸãããã ããç¹å®ã®ç¶æ³ã§ã¯ãå¥çŽãçµã¶æ³å®å¹Žéœ¢ã«éããŠãããã©ããããŸãã¯ç¹æ®ãªéèååãå°ãªããšã62æ³ã®ç³è«è ãæ¯æãããã©ãããå€æããããã«ããã®è³ªåãããããšãèš±å¯ãããå ŽåããããŸãã
-**åå ¥ïŒ**ãã¹ãŠã®çš®é¡ã®ä¿¡é Œã§ããåå ¥ã¯åãéã¿ã§èæ ®ãããªããã°ãªããŸãããããã¯ãæ³åŸã«ãããåµæš©è ã¯ããªãã®ä¿¡çšãåŠå®ããããããªããåãåãåå ¥ã®çš®é¡ã«åºã¥ããŠç°ãªãæ¡ä»¶ãæäŸãããããããšã¯ã§ããªãããšãæå³ããŸããå ¬çæ¶å©ãé€è²è²»ãæ¶é€æåœãããŒãã¿ã€ã éçšããã®åå ¥ã¯åãããã«æ±ãããªããã°ãªããŸããããã ããåµæš©è ã¯ããã®åå ¥ãå®æçã«åãåã£ãŠããããšã®èšŒæãæ±ããããšãã§ãã絊äžæ现æžãŸãã¯é åæžãæ±ããå ŽåããããŸãã
-**çµå©ç¶æ³ïŒ**ç³è«è ãå人ã®ç¡æ ä¿å£åº§ã®ã¯ã¬ãžãããæ±ããŠããå Žåãåµæš©è ã¯ç³è«è ã®çµå©ç¶æ³ãé å¶è ã®æ å ±ã«ã€ããŠè³ªåããããšã¯ã§ããŸãããäŸå€ã¯ãé å¶è ã®ååãç³è«æžã«èšèŒãããŠããå Žåãå ±åå£åº§ã®å Žåãå£åº§ã確ä¿ãããŠããå ŽåããŸãã¯äž»ããç³è«è ãé å¶è ã®åå ¥ãŸãã¯å é å¶è ã®æ¶é€æåœãŸãã¯é€è²è²»ã®æ¯æãã«äŸåããŠããå Žåã§ããç³è«è ãã³ãã¥ããã£ã®è²¡ç£ç¶æ ã«äœãã§ããå Žåãæ¶è²»è ã¯é å¶è ã®æ å ±ãæ±ããããããšããããŸããã³ãã¥ããã£ããããã£ã®å·ã«ã¯ãã¢ãªãŸããã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢ãã¢ã€ãããã«ã€ãžã¢ãããããããã¥ãŒã¡ãã·ã³ããããµã¹ãã¯ã·ã³ãã³ããŠã£ã¹ã³ã³ã·ã³ãå«ãŸããŸãã
##ãªããã®è¡çºãæ³åŸã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãã
ECOAã¯ãã¯ã¬ãžããç³è«ã審æ»ããéã«ã¯ã¬ãžããäŒç€Ÿãããããçš®é¡ã®å·®å¥çæ £è¡ã«é¢äžããããšãé²ãããã«å®è£ ãããŸããã ECOAã®äžã§ã¯ãæ¶è²»è ã¯ãæ§å¥ã人皮ãå©å§»ç¶æ³ãå®æãåºèº«åœã幎霢ããŸãã¯å ¬çæ¯æŽã®åé ã«åºã¥ããŠã¯ã¬ãžãããæåŠããããšã¯ã§ããŸãããéèæè²ã®éå¶å©å£äœTakeChargeAmericaã®å人éèå°é家ã§ããMichaelSullivanã¯ããã®æ³åŸã¯ãå¹³çããããæŽå²çãªéäºãæ°å€ãè¡ãããŠãããã®åœã§äžåºŠã«æ¡æããããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãã
ã1970幎ã¯ãæ¿æ²»çéäºãäœå幎ãç¶ããŠããã«ããããããã女æ§ã®å¹³çãªæš©å©ã®ããã®æ³çéäºãå§ãŸã£ãé ã§ãããçµæžçãªåé¡ã«é¢ããŠã¯ã女æ§ã®æ±ãã¯ç°ãªã£ãŠããŸãããããã€ãã®æ³åŸã¯ãããã®éããææåããå·®å¥ãåæ³åããŸããã女æ§ã¯éåžžãããŒã³ã®ããã«ç·æ§ã®å ±å眲åè ãå¿ èŠãšããŠãããç·æ§ãšåãåºæºãæºãããŠããŠããã¯ã¬ãžããã®è³æ ŒãåŸãããšãã§ããªãããšããããããŸããããšãµãªãã³ã¯èšããŸãã ãå°æ°æŽŸã®ä¿¡çšåé¡ããããŸãããäž»ã«é»äººã®è¿æã®å®¶ã®äœå® ããŒã³ãååŸããããšã¯å°é£ã§ãããå°æ°æŽŸã¯æ¥åžžçã«ä¿¡çšãæåŠãããŸãããã
ãµãªãã³æ°ã¯ããããã®äžå¹³çã«å¯ŸåŠããããã«ãå°æ¹æ¡äŸããå¹³çæš©æ²æ³æ¹æ£ãŸã§ãåœå šäœãæ³åŸãèŠå¶ã®å¶å®ã«åãçµãã§ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸããå¹³çä¿¡çšæ©äŒæ³ã¯ããã®ãããªæ³åŸã®1ã€ã§ããã
1974幎ã«å¯æ±ºãããåœåã®æ³åŸã¯æ§å¥ã«ããå·®å¥ãçŠæ¢ããŠããŸãããã1976幎ã«æ³åŸãæ¹æ£ãããå®æãèã®è²ã幎霢ã人皮ãåºèº«åœãªã©ã«åºã¥ãå·®å¥ãçŠæ¢ãããŸããã ã
##å¹³çãªä¿¡çšæ©äŒæ³ã®æ¶è²»è ã®æš©å©
ECOAã®å¥ã®éšåã¯ãã¯ã¬ãžããç³è«ã«é¢ããŠæ¶è²»è ã®æš©å©ãåŒçšããŠããŸããæ³åŸã¯ãã¯ã¬ãžããç³è«è ã¯ãèªåã®åºçåãé å¶è ã®å§ãŸãã¯çµã¿åãããå§ããšãçµå©ããååã§ã¯ã¬ãžãããååŸããæš©å©ãæã£ãŠãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸãã
æ¶è²»è ã¯ãã¯ã¬ãžããæäŸè ã®èŠä»¶ãæºãããŠããå Žåãã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«å ±å眲åè ãè¿œå ããããšãæŸæ£ããæš©å©ããããŸããç³è«è ã¯ãé å¶è ãå ±å眲åè ãšããŠè¡åããããšã«å¶éãããŠããŸããã
ä¿¡çšæ±ºå®åŸã®ECOAã®æš©å©ã«é¢ããŠãåµæš©è ã¯æ³çã«æ¬¡ã®ããšãè¡ãå¿ èŠããããŸãã
-ãããã«ããã30æ¥ä»¥å ã«ç³è«è ã«æ±ºå®ãéç¥ããŸãã
-質åããããã60æ¥ä»¥å ã«ç³è«ãåŽäžãããå ·äœçãªçç±ãèšå ¥ããŠãã ããã
-60æ¥ä»¥å ã«äžå©ãªæ¡ä»¶ã®å ·äœçãªçç±ãæäŸããŸãïŒç³è«è ãç³ãåºãæåŠããå Žåã®ã¿ïŒã
-ã¢ã¯ãã£ãã§ææ°ã®ã¢ã«ãŠã³ããééããå ·äœçãªçç±ãæäŸããŸãã
Equal CreditOpportunityActã®äŸ
貞ãæã¯ãåãæãããŒã³ãè¿æžããã®ã«ååãªåå ¥ãããããšã確èªããããã«ãããŒã³æ¿èªããã»ã¹ã®äžéšãšããŠåå ¥ãè©äŸ¡ããŸãããã ããECOAã®äžã§ã¯ãåãæãæ¯æããä¿¡é Œã§ããäžè²«ããŠããããšã蚌æã§ããéãã貞ãæã¯å ¬çæ¯æŽãæ¶é€ããŸãã¯åäŸã®æ¯æŽãåå ¥ãšããŠå«ããããšãæåŠããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã瀟äŒä¿éã幎éã幎éãªã©ããããã圢æ ã®åå ¥ãå¹³çã«æ€èšããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
貞ãæã¯ãããŒã³ãæ¿èªãŸãã¯æåŠããããã«é財åçèŠå ã䜿çšããããšã¯ã§ããŸãããã幎霢ãªã©ã®èŠå ãèæ ®ããå ŽåããããŸããããã¯ãåãæãå¥çŽã«çœ²åããã®ã«ååãªå¹Žéœ¢ã§ããéãã幎霢ã ãã«åºã¥ããŠããŒã³ãæåŠããããšã¯ã§ããªãããšãæå³ããŸãããã ããéè·å¹Žéœ¢ã«è¿ã¥ããŠããç³è«è ããåãæãã¿ã€ã ãªãŒãªæ¯æããè¡ãã®ãå°é£ã«ããå€§å¹ ãªåå ¥ã®æžå°ã«çŽé¢ããŠãããã©ãããæ€èšããããšã¯ã§ããŸãã
åæ§ã«ã貞ãæã¯åãæã®ç§»æ°ã¹ããŒã¿ã¹ãèŠãŠãããŒã³ã®è¿æžæéãéããŠåæ³çã«ãã®åœã«æ»åšã§ãããã©ãããå€æããããšãã§ããŸãããã ããè¿æžæéãéããŠç³è«è ã®ç§»æ°ã¹ããŒã¿ã¹ãè¯å¥œã§ãããæ¶è²»è ãåµæš©è ã®è²žä»åºæºããã¹ãŠæºãããŠããå Žåãåºèº«åœã®ã¿ã«åºã¥ããŠä¿¡çšãæåŠããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
##誰ãå¹³çä¿¡çšæ©äŒæ³ãæœè¡ããã
ECOAã¯ãäž»ã«é£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒãæ³åçïŒDOJïŒãå«ãããŸããŸãªé£éŠæ©é¢ã«ãã£ãŠæœè¡ãããŠããŸãã
DOJã¯ãåå¥ã®å·®å¥ã®äºäŸãšã¯å¯Ÿç §çã«ãå·®å¥ã®ç¶ç¶çãªãã¿ãŒã³ãŸãã¯æŽå²ããããšæãããå Žåã«é¢äžããŸããç¶ç¶çãªå·®å¥ããããšæãããå ŽåãDOJã¯åæ³ã«åºã¥ããŠèšŽèšãèµ·ããããšããããŸããå·®å¥ãäœå® ããŒã³ãŸãã¯äœå® æ¹ä¿®ããŒã³ã®ç³è«ã«é¢ä¿ããå ŽåãDOJã¯ãECOAãšå ¬æ£äœå® æ³ã®äž¡æ¹ã«åºã¥ããŠèšŽèšãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸããããã«ããã人ã ã¯å·®å¥ããä¿è·ãããŸãã
åã ã®å·®å¥ã®å Žåãå·è¡ã¯é¢äžããã¯ã¬ãžããç³è«ã®çš®é¡ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããŸãããéåžžã¯é£éŠè²¿æå§å¡äŒã«è©²åœããŸãã FTCã¯ãè³ç£ã100åãã«æªæºã§ãé£éŠæºåå¶åºŠã®äžéšã§ã¯ãªãå·ã®å ¬èªéè¡ãé¢äžããå Žåã®å·è¡æ©é¢ãšããŠæ©èœããŸãã FTCã¯ãå°å£²æ¥è ãéèäŒç€Ÿãããã³ã»ãšãã©ã®åµæš©è ã«å¯Ÿããå·è¡ãæ åœããŠããŸãã
æ¶è²»è éèä¿è·å±ïŒCFPBïŒã¯ã100åãã«ãè¶ ããè³ç£ãæã€éè¡ã貯èåäŒãä¿¡çšçµåã®å·è¡æ©é¢ã§ããäœå® ããŒã³ãããŒã«ãŒãäœå® ããŒã³ãªãªãžããŒã¿ãŒãäœå® ããŒã³ãµãŒãã¹ãæ°éåŠçããŒã³ã®è²žãæãããããèŠæš¡ã®çµŠææ¥è²žãæã«é¢ããŠã¯ãCFPBãšé£éŠè²¿æå§å¡äŒïŒFTCïŒã®äž¡æ¹ãå·è¡ã®è²¬ä»»ãè² ã£ãŠããŸãã
é貚管çè ïŒOCCïŒã¯ãåœç«éè¡ãé£éŠè²¯èåäŒãããã³å€åœéè¡ã®é£éŠæ¯éšã«å¯Ÿããå·è¡æš©éãæã£ãŠããŸãã
è³ç£ã100åãã«æªæºã®å°èŠæš¡ãªéèæ©é¢ã®å Žåãåœå¶éè¡ããã³å€åœéè¡ã®é£éŠæ¯åºã®å Žåãé€ããŠãé£éŠæºåå§å¡äŒãå·è¡æ©é¢ãšããŠæ©èœããŸãã
##äžçªäžã®è¡
é£éŠæ¿åºã¯ãäœå幎ãã®éãåµæš©è éã®å·®å¥çãªè²žä»æ £è¡ãçŠæ¢ããŠããŸããã人皮ãèã®è²ãå®æãåºèº«åœãæ§å¥ãå©å§»ç¶æ³ã幎霢ã«åºã¥ããŠå·®å¥ãããŠãããšæãããå ŽåããŸãã¯å ¬çæ¯æŽãåããŠããå Žåã¯ã次ã®ãããªæ¯æŽããããŸãã
-ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®æ±ºå®ã«ç°è°ãå±ããŸãã ECOAãåŒçšããã¯ã¬ãžããã®è³æ Œãåæ€èšããããã«ã¯ã¬ãžããæ åœè ã«äŸé ŒããŠãã ããã
-èŠæ ãæ¶è²»è éèä¿è·å±ïŒCFPBïŒã«æåºããŸãããªã³ã©ã€ã³ã§ç°¡åã«èŠæ ãæåºã§ããŸãã
-å·ã®åžæ³é·å®ã«é£çµ¡ããŠãã ããã圌ãã®äºåæã¯ããªããæè·ããåµæš©è ãããªãã®å·ã®æ©äŒåçæ³ã«ãéåããŠããªããã©ãããç¹å®ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãããããå·ã®åŒè·å£«ç·é·ã®ãªã¹ãã§ãã
-æ³åŸäžã®å©èšãæ±ããŸããå·®å¥ã®ããã«åµæš©è ã«å¯ŸããŠããã«æªçœ®ãè¬ãããå Žåã¯ãåŒè·å£«ã蚎èšã«é¢ãã次ã®ã¹ããããæ¯æŽããããšãã§ããŸãã
ã¯ã¬ãžãããå©çšã§ããããšã§ãå人çãªç®æšãéæããããã®å€ãã®çµæžçæ©äŒãéãããŸãããããæåã®äœå® ã®äœå® ããŒã³ã§ããããšãè² åµãçµ±åããããã®0ïŒ APRæ®é«è»¢éã«ãŒãã§ããããšã ECOAã«åºã¥ãããªãã®æš©å©ãç¥ãããšã¯ãããªããä¿¡çšãåŸãå ¬æ£ã§å¹³çãªæ©äŒãæã€ããšãä¿èšŒããŸãã
##ãã€ã©ã€ã
-ããŸããŸãªé£éŠæ©é¢ãECOAãå®æœããŠããŸããæ¶è²»è éèä¿è·å±ïŒCFPBïŒã¯ã100åãã«ãè¶ ããè³ç£ãä¿æããéè¡ã貯èåäŒãããã³ä¿¡çšçµåã«å¯ŸããŠECOAãæœè¡ããŸãã
-ECOAã¯ã貞ãæã人皮ãèã®è²ãå®æãåºèº«åœãæ§å¥ãçµå©æŽã幎霢ãå ¬çæ¯æŽã®åé ãããã³ç³è«è ã«ããç¹å®ã®æ¶è²»è ä¿è·æ³ã®è¡äœ¿ã«åºã¥ããŠå·®å¥ããããšãéæ³ãšããŸãã
-1974幎ã«EqualCreditOpportunity ActïŒECOAïŒãæ³å¶åãããã¯ã¬ãžããååŒã®ããããåŽé¢ã§ã®è²žä»å·®å¥ãçŠæ¢ãããŠããŸãã
-æ³åçã¯ãå·®å¥ã®ãã¿ãŒã³ãŸãã¯æ £è¡ãããå ŽåãECOAïŒããã³å·®å¥ã«äœå® ããŒã³ãŸãã¯äœå® æ¹åããŒã³ãå«ãŸããå Žåã¯å ¬æ£äœå® æ³ïŒã«åºã¥ããŠèšŽèšãèµ·ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ïŒïŒãããã質å
###誰ãå¹³çä¿¡çšæ©äŒæ³ïŒECOAïŒãç£ç£ããŸããïŒ
æ¶è²»è éèä¿è·å§å¡äŒïŒCFPBïŒã¯ãECOAãå®è£ ããããã®èŠåãäœæããæ©é¢ïŒéè¡ã貞ä»äŒç€Ÿãªã©ïŒãæ³åŸã«æºæ ããŠããããšã確èªããããç£ç£ããŸããä»ã®ããã€ãã®é£éŠæ©é¢ã¯ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãç£ç£ããä»äºãå ±æããŠããŸããããã«ã¯ã次ã®ãã®ãå«ãŸããŸãã CFPBã¯ãäžèšã®æ©é¢ãæ³åçãããã³é£éŠè²¿æå§å¡äŒãšECOAãå®æœããŸãã
ECOAã¯ãã¹ãŠã®è²žãæã«é©çšãããŸããïŒ
ã¯ããå¹³çä¿¡çšæ©äŒæ³ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®åµæš©è ã«é©çšãããŸããä¿¡çšäŸäžã«åŸäºããéèæ©é¢ããã®ä»ã®äŒæ¥ã¯ãä¿¡çšååŒã®ãããªãåŽé¢ã«ãããŠããçŠæ¢ãããæ ¹æ ã«åºã¥ããŠç³è«è ãå·®å¥ããããšã¯ã§ããŸãããããã«ã貞ä»åœ¹å¡ããã³åŸæ¥å¡ã¯ãçŠæ¢ãããŠããåºæºã§ãåççãªäººã貞ä»ãç³è«ããããšãæããšã©ãŸããããããªããšã¯äœãã§ããŸããã
Equal Credit Opportunity ActïŒECOAïŒã«éåããå Žåã®çœ°åã¯äœã§ããïŒ
ECOAã«éåããŠããããšãå€æãã貞ãæã¯ãDOJãŸãã¯é¢é£æ©é¢ãå·®å¥ã®ãã¿ãŒã³ãèªèããå Žåãæ³åçïŒDOJïŒããã®éå£èšŽèšã«çŽé¢ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸããæ¶è²»è éèä¿è·å±ã¯ä»ã®é£éŠæ©é¢ãšECOAãæœè¡ããŸããæ眪å€æ±ºãåããå Žåãéåçµç¹ã¯ãé倧ãªæ²çœ°çæå®³è³ åãæ¯æããªããã°ãªãããäžåœãªåœäºè ã被ã£ãè²»çšãã«ããŒããªããã°ãªããªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã