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헤스톤 모델

ํ—ค์Šคํ†ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ž€?

Steve Heston์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ด Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜ต์…˜ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ—ค์Šคํ†ค ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ

1993๋…„ ์žฌ๋ฌด ๋ถ€๊ต์ˆ˜ Steven Heston์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋” ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” Black-Scholes ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์œต ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์˜ต์…˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ต์…˜์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ต์…˜๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ž„์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ • ํ•˜์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž„์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” SABR ๋ชจ๋ธ, Chen ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ GARCH ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์š” ์ฐจ์ด์ 

Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ํ‰๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋‹ซํžŒ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์ •๊ทœ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . "์Šค๋งˆ์ผ"์€ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋” ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ(ITM) ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ( OTM ) ์ด ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ต์…˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ํ‘œํ˜„์ธ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์˜ค๋ชฉํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ—ค์Šคํ†ค ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก 

Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ Black-Scholes ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ • ์˜ต์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ์‡„ํ˜• ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

<์˜๋ฏธ๋ก > dSt =rStdt+Vt StdW1 td Vt=k(</ mo>ฮธโˆ’Vt) dt+ ฯƒVtdW 2t ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ: St=์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ t r=๋ฌด์œ„ํ—˜ ์ด์ž์œจ โ€“ ์ด๋ก ์ƒ ์ด์ž์œจ </ mstyle><mstyle ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ= "0" displaystyle="true">์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐ< mtd>< mrow>Vt=๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ(ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŽธ์ฐจ) ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ</ mrow>ฯƒ=</ mo>๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ Vt ฮธ=์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™ k= ฮธ<mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"๋กœ์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€ ๋น„์œจ >d t=๋ฌดํ•œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ์–‘์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ W1t= ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด ๋ชจ์…˜W 2t=์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด ์šด๋™</mte xt>\begin &dS_t = rS_tdt + \sqrt S_tdW_{1t} \ &dV_t = k ( \theta - V_t ) dt+ \sigma \sqrt dW_{2t} \ &\textbf{์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ:} \ &S_t = \text{์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ at time } t \ &r = \text{๋ฌด์œ„ํ—˜ ์ด์ž์œจ -- ์ด๋ก ์  ์ด์ž์œจ} \ &\text{๋ฌด์œ„ํ—˜ ์ž์‚ฐ} \ &\sqrt = \text{ ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ(ํ‘œ์ค€ ํŽธ์ฐจ)} \ &\sigma = \text{๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ } \sqrt \ &\theta = \text{์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™} \ &k = \text{๋ณต๊ท€์œจ } \theta \ &dt = \text{๋ฌดํ•œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ์–‘์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€} \ &W_{1t} = \text{์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด ์šด๋™} \ &W_ {2t} = \text{์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด ์šด๋™} \ \end

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ํ—ค์Šคํ†ค ๋ชจ๋ธ vs. ๋ธ”๋ž™์ˆ„์ฆˆ

์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ž™์ˆ„์ฆˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ถŒ ์˜ต์…˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ต์…˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Black-Scholes์™€ Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ Excel ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Black-Scholes ์ฝœ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ณต์‹์€ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€์— ๋ˆ„์  ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ •๊ทœ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ดํ›„ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ˆœํ˜„์žฌ๊ฐ€์น˜ (NPV)์— ๋ˆ„์ ํ‘œ์ค€์ •๊ทœ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ด์ „ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ๋บ€๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ,

ํ˜ธ์ถœ = S * N(d1) โ€“ Ke(-r * T) * N(d2)

๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ’‹์˜ต์…˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Put = Ke(-r * T) * N(-d2) โ€“ S * N(-d1)

๋‘ ๊ณต์‹์—์„œ S๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฐ€, K๋Š” ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, r์€ ๋ฌด์œ„ํ—˜ ์ด์ž์œจ, T๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

d1์˜ ๊ณต์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(ln(S/K) + (r + (์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ)2/2) * T)/(์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ * (T0.5))

d2์˜ ๊ณต์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

d1 โ€“ (์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ) * (T0.5)

ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ

Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” Black-Scholes ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž„์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ธฐ๋ณธ Black-Scholes ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งŒ๊ธฐ์ผ์—๋งŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜ต์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ถ”์ •๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Black-Scholes์™€ Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ์˜ต์…˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ต์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŒ๊ธฐ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ ์งœ์— ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ

  • ์ด๋Š” ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” Black-Scholes ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ž„์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ฑ…์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • Heston ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ, ์˜ต์…˜์ด ITM ๋˜๋Š” OTM์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.